PURPOSE OF THE ROLE OF THE LEADER TASKS

PURPOSE OF THE ROLE OF THE LEADER TASKS

It has been said that the goal of companies is a necessary preliminary to a plan, but the actual role is broader goal from him, because the company's goal is a important in implementation tasks planning, organizing, staffing, directing and kontrolling. Someone who held a planning task can only make the plan effective if the purpose of the organization as a whole are known or predetermined. Thus, the goal is the basis for making a plan.

Likewise in the second pelaksanaa task, namely, organizing, ie, depreciation of production factors such or the determination of the distribution of jobs within the company concerned must be done in such a way that langkag these steps can really meralisasikan what the objectives of the company. In other words, the activities of each part is specified with the target and the target is really a step-by-step towards the overall corporate objectives.

More significantly longer in the leadership of the third task, namely staffing. Selection and determination of the tasks in such a way that the company should be able mlakukan officer duties as specified in organizing functions, totally focused on achieving corporate objectives in other words, the officers in conducting their daily activities guided or led by corporate objectives concerned, or more firmly again, the officers and doing activities-activities are for the purpose of the company.

Onwards, the orders given by superiors or subordinates-leadership to the task of directing the tasks should be more or less focused on what became the object of the company. So, the company goal is a tool or a standard for those who oversee the implementation of the tasks of subordinates, or as said by Newman, Goals are sine qua non of administrative control as such, it is clear that the purpose was giving contributions, both in the planning process, the process of implementation as well as in process control.

PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION

PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION

In concluding this classification purposes, we follow all of what was raised by RC Davis by BEISHLINE also quoted in his book, both in the army or in an industrial environment that made the guidelines are as follows:

A. Primary service objectives:
1) The purpose of the organization:
a.general
b.bis
c.small
d.private

2) the objectives of the operation in completing certain projects:
a. Intermediary
b. Last.

B. Collateral
1) the social objective of collateral.
2) personal objectives:
a. individual
b. entourage

C. Secondary
1) economic
2) effectiveness.

Objectives formulated by RC Davis devotion as "economic values should be
Granted, directly or indirectly by the organization to the public in the form of goods and JSA-service". The objective was divided into two, namely devotion devotion to the field organization's goals and objectives of the operative field dedication.

The objective is formulated as an organization dedicated field values that must be donated to the public by the organization as a whole. Operative purposes is considered as the destination service for the direct implementation resulted in the emergence of a useful value to the public.

Destination field service organization can devided in public service goals, big, small, and individuals, according to the level of devotion. The goal of dedication in the field operative can be distinguished between intermediaries operating objectives, namely the values that are expected to be completed by a specific project and purpose of his last operation, ie the last value generated by the project.

Furthermore, Davis formulating social objectives collateral as common values in a broad sense, the need for the good of society and is influenced by commercial activities, and should be expected to be held, acquired, maintained, and distributed by commerce. This devided on individual goals, namely the values sought by the people and groups within the organization to obtain and share among themselves.
Finally, the secondary goal was formulated as the value - regarding the economic value and effectiveness in achieving its primary goal and purpose of collateral. In other words, in achieving its primary objectives as well as collateral must be economically and effectively.

Simply than the division R.C. Davis stated above, the LOUIS A. ALLEN dividing these objectives over economic objectives and social objectives. Economic objectives are goals that relate to the market, while Objective relating to the role of social enterprise with his servants, shareholders, and society in general.

With the purpose of classification as proposed by RC Davis above, it is clear in determining the company's objectives in the planning process, determining the company's goal should be such that companies really run a social function. Thus, it is clear the objectives of each company provide benefits to the state and society in general.

COMPANY OBJECTIVES

COMPANY OBJECTIVES

As has been said that the first phase in planning is to define the tasks and objectives. Company goal is not always easy to determine because very often there are several goals to one another is equally important. So, for example an institution facing a number of purposes which are equally important as the following:

1. Educate its students become citizens who really put the interests of the country above personal or group interests.
2. Educating students - students become a practical man and love will come true.
3. Educating people (students - students) a capable and democratic citizenship and responsible about the welfare of the people and homeland.

If there is a variety of purposes such as the examples above, should be in the selection of a variety of inventions such purpose, but this does not mean that the goal should always be one or singular. Number of corporate or organizational unit objectives more than one or plural. But keep in mind both in determining the number and selection of these objectives should be considered a company's ability to realize its objectives, especially regarding the factors of production. Thus, determining the number and election of corporate goals must be adjusted to the ability of the company. In cooperatives, for example, the goal in addition to providing the needs of everyday life, also jointly buy agricultural tools, and sells agricultural products and even aims to provide credit to members who need them. Similarly, companies which have the following goals.

1. Places to work.
2. Companies that sell products as cheaply as possible.
3. Good companies to invest.
4. Companies that memebantu government in realizing minuman five years.

The purpose company that became the foundation making the plan is not always one, and that goal can diraelalisasikan with existing equipment. One thing that is not appropriate to determine the company's goal is difficult to be realized. Therefore, the goal can actually be realized within the time specified by using existing equipment.
The determination of corporate purpose as mentioned above, stated clearly and must be adapted to the existing capability is not only applicable to the company as a whole, but for every part, section or unit of the company activity. So, part or section of each enterprise must be determined what the purpose. The aim is a tool to achieve overall corporate objectives. Determining the purpose of each unit of the latter, according to the first function of any leader is determined directly by those who lead the activities of the relevant units of the company, so by the heads of department or section, even if not a gaffe if this is determined by the shoot leadership in the overall plan.

Thus, objectives of each unit of activity - activity that a child is a secondary objective. The objective should contribute to absolute main goal of an organization that should be in accordance with the primary goal. It must be remembered that the purpose of such a body decomposes above, is not purely material or material wealth, but also include the utilization of existing public enjoyed by all layers of society, even for companies in general are objects.

Objectives that have been determined, there can be only a goal in the paper plans, but also as already stated he had to as guidelines or standards for them, either to execute or an act according to the plan or by those he held watchdogs on the implementation of the plan concerned. In other words, good corporate goals and objectives subsidernya main goal should be known by everyone who served in the respective business entities. So, in charge of a certain part to know what the objectives of the share, secondary objectives and overall company goals.

From the discussion above it is clear that the purpose is different - different, that there are objective as well as the overall purpose of the parts or smaller units, therefore, be worthwhile to classify these goals.

Who Makes the Plans

Who Make Plans

As has been mentioned that one of the functions of managers is to plan. So it is clear that the managers in charge of making plans. It does not mean that managers are accountable to the state, and making plans. Who makes the plans, depending on the circumstances, and there is some possibility of anyone making such a plan. In other words a manager can assign people or certain agencies to make plans. Making a plan can be assigned to the planning committee, the planning, and / or staff.

a. Planning Committee
in the preceding description has explained that not every manager's functions is done directly. Given a manager is a man who has limited time, attention and knowledge, then some of the functions delegated to the performance is done by certain people both inside the company or from outside the company.
Planning tasks in the company is a task that is not continuous. For the implementation of the plan with the cooperation, the leaders often formed a planning committee held a planning charge.
The person elected as planning committee, specifically only the heads of sections, can also be skilled people from outside the company may, also a combination of both. So there is teamwork in the implementation of the plan, companies should employee included, such as section chief and head - the head section. To get support from the community to plan, then well too if there are elements that are included in the nature of society in such planning.
Examples of the planning committee, seen from our country with the formation of a National Planning Agency. Agency national designer who designed the construction of five years of development guided by the mandate of the president, both orally and in saying in his written mandate. Likewise with the company, the leader must give guidelines on what will be planned so that the planning committee have guidelines that must be addressed toward which the plan. The planning committee after a planned task, was dissolved by the manager, but later can be assigned to conduct the assessment will be the implementation of the plan, or is responsible for providing guidance in the implementation of the plan.

b.Planning Bureau/Sector/Departmen/Division
often task planning is a continuous task and is very complex as in the industrial company which produces various pieces. In circumstances such as these often formed a part of planning within the company, which is especially in charge behind the planning. Part of planning have equal position to other parts of the plan of all things, especially the plan of production tasks.

c.Staff
in a company, we often come across groups of employees. Group thinker and implementer groups. In general, the planning group should be someone who can think and can see the future, and can analyze the facts are available. People like these, often called the staff, the task analyze the facts and then plan a something to be submitted to the manager. Given time and knowledge managers are very limited attention to plan what actions will be implemented later, the job can be delegated to be performed by staff. These staff make a plan, which would be guided by the wherewith outlined by the manager to be approved by the manager. So, just as the service staff for the manager to formulate a plan that will be executed later by the company.

Workers who makers the plans, not actual experts agree. Terry giving four possibilities as follows.
1) Manager do all this planning own.
2) Quality Manager but it plans by utilizing suggestion from his associates.
3) Manager supplies broad Outlines of plans, subordinate WHO fills in the details.
4) Subordinates do managers planning to submit plans for approval.

The preparation of the plan can be done by various parties, but because of some things the experts argued that in order for the plan can actually be there in do some partipation join in making them. Rarely did something that the plan created by a single person. This is expressly stated WHINEWMAN as follows:

"Rarely are plans made by a single individual working alone. The executive or staff man who is developing the plan Almost always consults with a number of other people. He gets some advice on what Might be done seeks facts from many sources of checks with his tentative plan Who Will be Affected These before he is done and probably will from the initial idea Modify considerably."

Or Terry said as follows:

"In planning planner usually negotiate with others to ask for his advice, seek the facts and hear the opinions of others, and so forth. Consultation with others having the possibility, namely to improve the plans, and readily accepted a subordinate."

Strictly speaking, so the plan can be accepted by all parties, it's good opinion requested from various parties or entered into a compromise in the preparation of the plan.

Making synthesis in the planning process

Making synthesis in the planning process

There are several possibilities to achieve a goal that forced the maker must choose a variety of alternative plans. Election of one right often not possible because each one is always the possibility that both contain elements besides the sidelines of the negatives. Therefore, this phase should be mated or making plans to make the various possibilities. Sidelines of the negatives of each possible removed, and the positive elements that were taken in order to obtain the synthesis of several possibilities.

Entered into the possibilities in the planning process

Entered into the possibilities in the planning process

Availability of materials obtained in the previous step, giving planners can create several possibilities for achieving their goals. Of course, there are several possibilities to get a goal. As the proverb says there are many roads to get to Rome. These possibilities can be sorted-some sort on the basis of, for example on the basis of the length completed, the magnitude of the required fee. This step is called by organizing possibilities.

Organizing and Analyzing in the Planning Process

Organizing and Analyzing in the Planning Process

After the tasks and objectives of an enterprise have been defined the next steps is reached or observing factors that influence to achieve goals. When these factors have been collected, dianialisme to, which can be set, which is still used in the future. To get daktor-factor, the material of experience can be used, as well as the experience of other parties. If the data has been obtained, and then analyzed, to determine whether these factors are still effective for the future.

Assign Tasks and Goals Planning

Assign Tasks and Goals Planning

Task and purpose are the two terms are closely related, are Siamese twins. When we carry out tasks that the ad would be that the purpose of our activities. Instead of a goal will not be achieved if we do not do an activity, ie perform a task. The second notion is very closely related. In making a plan, first of all we should define the tasks and goals. With the intended tasks, what activities to do. What should tasks to do, best produce, transporting goods from place to place other man, fishing, or open the farm to plant patchouli?

Is the purpose of these activities? With the intended purpose, values that are expected to be maintained, acquired or held.

What is our purpose, such as agricultural open to plant patchouli, seeking to big profit, allowed to do, seeking excellence in quality, and so forth. Corporate goal setting, is the foundation from making the plan later. We can not possibly plan something, if not strictly in advance, the goal that we accomplish with this plan. So, how important the role that goal-setting. This will more clearly with the statement Beishline as follows:

"Before any action can take place very necessary planning of organizational goals in mind. People can not do effective planning, if he does not know the goals to be achieved by planning it. All the planning is intended to achieve a goal, therefore, be surprising if the planning starts with a vague or confusing picture about the goals to be achieved."

PLAN PREPARATION PROCESS

PLAN PREPARATION PROCESS

To make a plan there are several actions that must be overcome. Levels - levels or steps - these steps are as follows:

1. assign tasks and goals,
2. observe and analyze,
3. entered into the possibility - the possibility,
4. make a synthesis, and
5. plan

NATURE OF A GOOD PLAN

NATURE OF A GOOD PLAN

A good plan, it must contain the following attributes:

a. Use simple words and bright,
b. flexible,
c. have stability,
d. is in balance, and
e. includes all measures necessary.

The words and sentences used by a plan must be simple and easily understandable to eliminate different interpretations. Often the manufacturers do not always those who plan to implement the plan and therefore the sentence should be phrased in such a way that is easy, by any means known to man.

Furthermore, a plan must be flexible, meaning that the plan must be able to adjust to changing circumstances unforeseen. In other words, a plan does not need to change entirely if changing circumstances, but only few are the changes possible by the previous plan.

Besides the possibility to make changes, then a plan must have a stable nature, which means not necessary every time the change or not in use at all. So a plan must exist in balance, meaning that the gift of time and factors - factors of production to every element in balance with organizational needs.

Finally, the plan must be broad enough to include all measures necessary, which means that the plan should include everything that ensured the coordination of actions throughout the organization.

Function Planning Activity Louis A. Allen

Function Planning Activity

Louis A. Allen argued that planning activity can function as follows:

1. Predict (forcasting), namely, work undertaken by a manager in estimating time to come. Manager, see the state that will come in a systematic and continuous, based on work performed.
2. Define the purpose or goal (estabilishing objective). A manager will be able to predict specific results expected. Work carried out to determine the purpose or goal. The objective is to determine all the work.
3. Programming. Work carried out by managers in determining the sequence of activities needed to achieve the goals and objectives. Manager actions that will strengthen the measures taken by priority implementation.
4. Compiling good time (scheduling). Managers must be able to determine the right time because this is an important feature of any actions that work well. Managers determine the time of the activity through the preparation time.
5. Learning budget (budgeting). Preparation of the budget study conducted by the manager by allocating the resources available to him, here is determined by the tools, manpower, and facilities needed, and implementing an effective way to savings. Study stated in the financial budget.
6. Develop procedures (developing producer). To save, effective, and uniformity of size, certain jobs must be done in the proper way, wherever the work was organized. Destination managers, to normalize the occupation.
7. Establish and interpret policy (establishing and interpreting policy) a manager must be able to interpret policies in order to ensure uniformity and harmony of action in the control of the principal problems of the situation.

Plan Elements

Plan Elements

a plan containing the following elements :

a. corporate objectives
b. political,
c. procedures,
e. budget, and
f. program.

a. Company goals
The first element of a plan is the company's goals. It should be clear in every plan is the goal. That goal can be material, can also be moral. Character of the material, for example seeking to big profit, whereas moral character, such as the company aims to succeed in the field of government programs aimed at food and clothing or to give employment opportunities to community members who are unemployed, and so forth.

b.Company Politics
Politics company is one of the elements of a plan. Politics is a regulation or guidelines prescribed for action organization, to achieve the purpose with good results.

c.Procedure
A plan must also include procedures, ie sequence of operations to be followed by someone in the act of doing something to achieve a certain goal.

d.Budget
Budget is a budget, which is an overview of the results expected to be achieved, and the expenditure required to achieve that result, expressed in numbers. Budget was varied, but what is important is the production budget.

E.Program
The program is a mixture of politics, and budget, which is intended to set a course of action for the future.

ELEMENTS OF A PLAN

ELEMENTS OF A PLAN

In general, a plan that either contain or contains six elements, namely: the what, the why, the where, the when, the who, dan the how. So, a good plan should provide answers to the following six questions.
a. what should be done?
b. why that action should be done?
c. where the actions should be implemented?
d. when the action is carried out?
e. who that will work on that action?
f. how to implement the action?

From the answers the above questions, the plan must contain the following:

1. Explanation of the details of the activities needed, the factors of production necessary to carry out these activities to what the objectives can be generated.
2. Explanation of why the activities to be done and why the goal was determined to be achieved.
3. An explanation of the physical location of each activity to do so is available all necessary facilities to do the job.
4. A description of the commencement of work and completion time for both work each part of the job as well as for all workers. Here should be set standards for working time, whether the parts work well for the entire job.
5. Description of the officers who will be doing his job, both on quantity and the quality, ie qualifications - qualifications of personnel, such as expertise, experience, and so forth. Here also should be made clear authority, responsibility and accountability of each employee.
6. Explaining about the techniques work. From the elements of the plan mentioned above, it is clear that something must plan as bounded above, ie. determining in advance what will be done within certain time limits with the use of certain production factors to obtain specific results.

PLANNING BOUNDARIES

PLANNING BOUNDARIES

Various limits are given by the authors of the plan. It would be better put forward some such restrictions. Newman says, planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. So, planning is determining in advance what will do it. Lois A. Allen also have another formulation. He said that planning is the determination of a course of action to achieve a desired result. So, planning is the determination of a series of actions to achieve the desired results.

Almost close to the formulation given by Louis A. Allen, Charles Bettleheim, say, "a plan parties in the totality of the arrangements decided upon in oder to carry out a project". Furthermore, he said that every plan there are two elements, namely:
1. a project, that is an end Which one proposes to achieve, and
2. The arrangements decided opun in order That May be acheved this end, that is the determination of the means.

Charles Bettleheim brief argues that in every plan there are two elements, namely the purpose and the tools necessary to achieve that goal. More complete than the above formulations. Beishline stated that the planning function to give answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, how, and why. specifically as he said :

".... Planning determine what should be achieved (a qualitative determination of the time) and when it should be achieved, where it is to be achieved, how it should be reached out who was responsible, and why it should be achieved"

Koontz and O'Donnell, another formulering them. They said, "planning is the function of a manager Which involves the selection of alternatives from the Among Objectives, policies, procedures, and programs." So, translated: planning is the function of a manager associated with the selection of the various alternatives of the goals, policies, procedures and programs.

Apparently, the formulation of Koontz and O'Donnell will grow clear if the terms of objectives, policies, procedures and programs as it gets further clarification meant.
With the objective of what the company meant that organized addressed. Being with wisdom is the statement (statement) that guide or channel the public's mind in making decisions to subordinates from various parts of the company. With the procedure as a means of a series of actions, guidance applicable to the activities that will come. This is simply guidance to the thought. Finally, the program is a mix of policies and procedures, usually equipped with capital that are intended to working on a series of actions.

Harrington Emerson (1853 -1931)

Harrington Emerson (1853 -1931)

Harrington Emerson believes that the basic principles are clearly outlined goals. The study end - the end of this by social scientists has demonstrated the truth of the basic principles put forward by Harrington Emerson that people will be more successful when they know the goals to which all business is subject. Management by Objective existence of the term today is living proof of the central principle of Emerson.
Emerson active lecturer in banking, housing development, from manufacturing, and finally opened the consultancy in 1901. He is a salesman who drew together and try to really - really promote the principles - principles and practice of management in the corporate world.
According to Harrington Emerson found the eleven principles of efficiency, namely:
1. Clear objectives (clearly defined ideals)
2. Common Sense,
3. Competent Causal
4. Dicipline
5. The Fair Deal,
6. Reliable
7. The adequate Immidiate & Records
8. Standardized Conditions,
9. Standardized Operations
10. Standard Written Instructions practices, and
11. 36 Efficency Reward.

Besides figures - these figures above, there are many more characters - other characters. For those who are interested are advised to read the book mendalaminya F Harwood. Merril, entitled Classics in Management, American Management Association, 1960.

Russell Robb (1864-1927)

Russell Robb (1864-1927)

Robb Russell has given a series of lectures on industrial organization, at the invitation of the Harvard Bussines School was newly established. He says that managers can learn more from the experience of centuries - from the military organization, but must always remember the principle that the types of organizations selected according to conditions and the type of results they want to earn yanh.

Robb Russell for 36 years working in Store & Webster Inc. in Boston, thinks that the management is a technique of horizontal and DAP [at applicable to all types of activities.

Herny Laurence Gantt (1861 -1919)

Herny Laurence Gantt (1861 -1919)

For many years, Henry Laurence Gantt became assistant Frederick W. Taylor, then stand alone become a consultant. In various aspects, FWTaylor opinion, provide a point of attention to human elements in increasing productivity, although he did not harass the role of both methods and the use of employee skills.
In the payment of employee wages, Gantt introduced the bonus system.

Townen Henry Robinson (1844-1924)

Townen Henry Robinson (1844-1924)

The third ball above figures suggest that the managers held a record - record keeping, observations and comparisons in the company to be used as guidelines at the time - time will come, and Henry Robinson Towne one more step forward. He recommends that managers were held to exchange lessons learned yng organized or assisted by organizational scholars machines - machines that existed in America at that time.
People management is much influenced pioneers F. W, Taylor is regarded as one of the greatest figures in management. Towne is the founder and president of Yale and Towne Manufactruring Company, Over 48 years continues - again and again.

Captain Herny Metcalfe (1847 - 1917)

Captain Herny Metcalfe (1847 - 1917)

Captain Henry Meycalfe opinion there is a science of administration (science) of management, according to the principles - principles that can be applied to the circumstances of diverse. The principle can be obtained by recording, observation and comparison.
Captain Herny Metcalfe was a military and graduated from West point in 1868. In the military activities in the field he is advancing and applying the method - the method he created